in·dus·tri·al·ism

 Advancements Throughout History

      This will be about Technological Advancements through out world history.  We will be taking a look on a few of the inventions that helped shape western civilization.   The things we look at will include, Steam Power,  metal working machines,  tanks, atomic bombs, and satellites.  

Steam Power 

     The development of stationary steam powered engines was a fundamental step in the advancement of mechanical production.  The first successful usage of a steam piston engine was implemented by Thomas Newcomen who designed it to be used in underground mining.  His engine was able to produce 3.7kw (5hp) and a total of 110 were known to have been built.   Steam power helped the speed of factory production and also helped in the mines.   Below is a picture of Thomas Newcomens steam engine design.  

                                                      

- Steam Engines work when a liquid (usually water) witch is held in a still is vaporized under extreme heat then sent into a cylinder to build pressure and propel a piston witch then is attached to a series of weights and pules to power things.

                                                                       New Machines

     During the industrial revolution there was an increase in the demand for metal parts used in machines and products.  This lead to the development of several crucial peaces of tools and machinery used in the manufacturing industry.  Three of these machines were the milling machine, lathe, and the metal plainer.  These new machines were developed so that they could be used to help manufacture new metal parts for machines and products.

                                                                            Tanks

  During the first world war trench warfare was a terrible thing.  The British sought out to design an armored vehicle capable of maneuvering the harsh battlefield terrain, with the capability to be equipped with a multitude of weapons such as an artillery cannon and guns.  Bellow is a photo of a British Mark 1 tank in 1916.  The Mark 1 was the first tank ever to be used in a military operation.  Tanks have impacted the way countries fight and has put an end to trench ware fare.



                                        


                                                                        Atomic Bombs

     Due to the immense power that nuclear weapons hold they create substantial political and military power.  The control and position of nuclear power has been an issue for about as long as they have been around.  During World war Two Canada, USA and the United Kingdoms collaborated in what was called the Manhattan project.  It was an Implement to counter possible rumors of the Nazi Germany Nuclear Weapon program.  Atomic Bombs changed the way the western world works because with them,  we have imminent protection against any threats in the world.

                                            

                                                                            Satellites

      Satellites are an important part of western civilization because without them we would not have a lot of the technological capabilities that we have today.  The first satellite was developed in Russia in 1957 and sent into earths orbit with the task of measuring atmospheric layers through changes in its orbital change.  Russia's breakthrough in space technology prompted the United States to begun developing and testing their own satellites.  The First idea regarding the use of satellites for the purposes of global communications can be related back to 1945 in a letter to the editor of Wireless World magazine.  Then in 1960 NASA Launched the worlds first Communication satellite via an air balloon.  This fundamentally helped pave the way to a new era of communications and wireless data transmissions.   Today satellites are used for many purposes such as astronomical(looking for distant planets and space stuff), Communications, Navigational, Warfare and weather.


                                                                     
                                                    


                                                                 

By Jake Green

Human Rights

Human Rights

Thesis: Throughout history there has always been a struggle for power, freedom and equality but as much as it has been fought for over the years there is always room for more improvement and we need to keep working on it even in today's world.

1700's

John Locke

John locke had taken the point of view that government  should serve people and make it a priority to  protect life, liberty, and property.  He felt that when government violated individual rights, people had legitimate reason to rebel. locke hated the idea that kings  were chosen by God and argued that human beings have natural rights which can not be touched by the government.

French revolution

The French Revolution came about in 1789 because of the rise of Enlightenment ideals, and unfair privileges only enjoyed by the upper class. People's resentment of the royal class and the unfair treatment eventually became too much and it became an 11 year war.which ended in 1799, when napoleon decided to take the helm stepping up as first consul. The Revolution ended, and the French Declaration what they had been fighting for had now become the basis of French constitutional law. which states Liberal principles such as the presumption of innocence, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and the right to property.

1800’s

Worker's Rights- Industrial Revolution

Many of the jobs back then were quite dangerous and putting workers in harm's way Industries like cotton trade were extremely difficult for workers. having young kids and woman in these crazy hot conditions with dangerous machinery for long hours was getting out of hand something eventually had to be done. But not all factories were like this Robert owen and Titus salt were both known as terrific employers. They were part of a group of people who were known as reformers they wanted to change the way factories were run. But the other factory owners did not want this they wanted to find the cheapest way to get labour. Eventually the reformers along with workers had, had enough they started protesting for better working conditions which led to many positive changes over the years like the acts below.

Factory Act 1819- Limited the hours worked by children to a maximum of 12 per day.

Sadler Report 1833- The sadler Report created by Michael Sadler was a large debate over the workload that young kids were dealing with in factories many times they were being put into unsafe conditions because they were cheap and got the job done faster. Sadler was completely against the abuse of these children and eventually after a few years his report came to pass. This report stated that, “Children under 9 are banned from working in the textiles industry and 10-13 year olds are limited to a 48 hour week.” This was very influential for the times and changed how people looked at the workforce many people did not approve of it and many factory owners did not want to accept this .  But now looking back at it the thought of a 9 year old working in a factory is almost unfathomable with the rules we have implemented in today's world.

Factory Act 1844- Maximum of 12 hours work per day for Women.

Factory Act 1847- Maximum of 10 hours work per day for Women and children.

Factory Act 1850- Increased hours worked by Women and children to 10 and a half hours a day, but not allowed to work before 6am or after 6pm.

Factory Act 1874- No worker allowed to work more than 56.5 hours per week.

1900’s

Martin Luther King Jr

Martin Luther King, Jr. was known across the world as a civil rights leader and he was a big part of American society in the 1950s and 1960s. He believed in nonviolent protest instead of aggression he held multiple Boycotts, protests, and marches which eventually became effective, and much legislation was passed against racial discrimination. Some of the things he was involved in are listed below.

• He was a large advocate for nonviolent protest in the Memphis sanitation worker strike
• He provided leadership in the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955
• His famous "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963 which has touched millions over the years
• He was instrumental in establishing the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, which was a civil rights organization that supported the philosophy of nonviolence.

Steve Biko

Biko was an activist in the late 1960’s up until his death in 1977. He was head of many anti apartheid and black consciousness movements in South Africa and his mission was to fight for his people. Even though it put him in jail multiple times and ended up being the reason for his untimely death he did not anything stop him while he was alive he wasn't gonna give up until blacks were free on their homeland.

2000’s

Todays world

There have been many improvements in human rights and equality over the years, but all around the world racial discrimination is still prevalent. Unfortunately there are many, racial related killings still occurring in today's society, which are leading to many riots and revolts. The Baltimore riots are one of the many backlashes involving race in today's world leading to many injuries and deaths. But in Canada I feel we have much more diversity and people from many walks of life so we don’t focus as much on the differences of people because there is no point we focus more on how they contribute to society and not as much race or gender.

Work Cited

http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/IndustrialRevolution/workingconditions.htm#.VXzXEdrBwXA

http://spartacus-educational.com/IRsadler.htm

http://biography.yourdictionary.com/articles/martin-luther-king-progress-civil-rights-movement.html

http://web.stanford.edu/~jbaugh/saw/Ajani_Biko.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=French_Revolution

Human Rights from 1600's to Present Times

From the 1600’s to the present times there has been a rapid increase of human rights. Whether it is for sexes, races, or labourers, the 1600’s to present times seemed to be the time that mankind made a huge push for rights among all people.  The ideas that inspired the French Revolution, the increase of human rights for labourers in Britain,  and the fight against racism around the world
demonstrated that human rights are gained because the ideas of a few thinkers are able to inspire many people to fight for their rights.

               During the scientific revolution, there were thinkers whose ideas were able to inspire an entire nation to rebel against their leader and gain there rights and freedoms. The rebellion was the French Revolution and some of the thinkers who inspired it were Locke, Rousseau, and Hobbes. All these thinkers had similar ideas about how the government should take care of its people and about how everyone should be equal. John Locke believed that a government should be overthrown if they don’t protect the natural rights of their citizens (the right to life, liberty, and property)(Haberman). King Louis of France did not respect these natural laws and this is why the people of France over threw their government. Another thinker that inspired the French Revolution is Rousseau. Rousseau believed that people should have the right to get rid of their government(Haberman) if they feel they are not being treated right. The people of France did feel this way because the extremely high taxes implemented by King Louis, so they started the rebellion to get rid of their government. This is how Rousseau’s ideas inspired the French Revolution.  Finally, Hobbes ideas also inspired the French Rev. Hobbes believed that there should be a leader, and then everyone underneath him should be equal(Haberman). This was not the case in late the late 1700’s in France as there were very rich people living comfortable and then there was very poor people who were taxed heavily and couldn’t afford to buy bread. People were not happy with the lack of equality and this is how Hobbes ideas inspired the French Revolution. The ideas of these three thinkers were able to inspire a revolution that helped hundreds of thousands of people have more rights. This shows how the ideas of a few thinkers are able to inspire many to fight for their rights. 

     Painting inspired by French Rev.
Along with the lack of rights that people had in 1780’s France, there was also a huge lack of rights among human laborers working in factories during the Industrial Revolution.  The Industrial Revolution was the start of a new manufacturing process. Factories were you used to mass produce products. The workers in these factories had very little rights, they were forced to work long hours, for a very small wage, in unsafe working conditions they resulted in a lot of injuries and deaths(schoolhistory.com) . Children were also being forced to work 16 hour days. People were not aware of the terrible things going on with children in these factories as no one ever talked about it. That is until Michael Sadler found out about it and decided how wrong it was that children were being forced to work in these factories. Sadler launched an investigation into the factories and saw just how bad it was. He then published an article called the Sadler Report. The Sadler Report exposed what was going on inside those factories(Haberman). The article got very popular and people didn’t like the idea of children having to work triple shifts. This is how Sadler inspired the Factory Act. The Factory Act made it so that children between the ages of 13-18 cannot work more than 12 hours a day, cannot work at night, and must get 2 hours of schooling every day at the factory (Haberman). Although the conditions were still pretty bad, Sadler was able to dramatically help them by publishing that article expressing his ideas. This is how the ideas of one man were able to gain rights for thousands of children working in England. Children Working in Factory during Industrial Revolution.                                                                                         Children working in factories during industrial rev.

             Racism has been a problem for years in America and other places around the world, as people who were of a different skin colour were often treated poorly and/ or did not have as much rights as people who were white. People were not happy about the lack of rights different races were given but no one really did anything about it. That is until Martin Luther King Jr came around and created a human rights movement for equality between blacks and whites. His ideas for equality inspired hundreds of thousands of people to join his movement. MLK has been quoted saying "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character". His movement was successful, although he was assassinated his ideas ended up gaining equality for African Americans in the USA. Nelson Mandela was another Civil Rights activist but instead of the USA he was standing up for Africans in South Africa. Although the majority of the population of South Africa was black, the country was still controlled by rich white people. Black people were treated poorly in South Africa and Nelson Mandela believed in the equality of all races. He was locked in jail for 30 years because of his beliefs, but he also started a movement and the equality between races in South Africa has been improved. This shows how human rights can be gained because the beliefs of one man will inspire many to fight for rights.

Martin Luther King Jr giving a speech to inspire people to stand up for their rights.

               I believe that in present times it is a lot harder to gain human rights for the people who are still struggling to be equal. For example, woman in the Middle East or sweat shop labourers in third world countries who seek equal pay as the first world countries. It seems that there are a lot more people attempting to start movements in present times to advocate for rights but it seems little to know progress is actually made from these movements, for say woman in the Middle East. I think that the reason for this is because some cultures are more open for change than others. The Middle East has treated woman that way for thousands of years which does not make their culture very open to change. The American culture is very accepting and open to new things (although lots of the people are not) and this is what allowed them to move past racism and except all colours of skin to be equal. Same goes for Britain during the Industrial Revolution, they were able to change their labours laws and make it them better because there culture is always changing and they are very perceptible to change. Whereas a place such as Bangladesh doesn’t have the option to change their labour laws because the factories either can’t afford it, or the workers have no other choice but to work these terrible jobs because they need the money. I believe that it is a lot harder to have a successful human rights movement in present times because a lot of the groups of people who need equality are either stuck in a very strict religion or are in a situation where it is impossible to get out of (such as sweat shop workers. If they were paid higher the jobs wouldn’t be sent over there at all and they would be out of a job all together). Is it possible that all the human rights changes that can be made in this world have already been made, and groups will stay the way they are for ever?

               In conclusion, The French Revolution, the improvements of rights for factory workers in Britain, and the gain of equality between races in America and South Africa demonstrate that human rights are gained because the ideas of a few thinkers inspire many people to fight for their rights.      

Sources

Haberman, Arthur, ed. The Modern Age. Toronto: Gage Learning, 1987. Print.

http://www.history.com/topics/french-revolution

http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/frenchrevolution.htm

http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution

http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/IndustrialRevolution/workingconditions.htm

http://www.biography.com/people/martin-luther-king-jr-9365086

https://www.nelsonmandela.org/content/page/biography

              

Feminism in The Western World

Feminism In the Western World

Through the years there have been many changes in the Western world. These changes created a lasting impact, moulding our world into what it is today. A large social issue that has developed through time is gender inequality and feminism. According to the Merriam- Webster dictionary, feminism can be described as; “the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities”. Feminism started as a search for fundamental rights for women, which has morphed into trying to strive for the most fulfilling life possible for both genders. This idea was and will continue to influence the society of the Western world.

During the 1600’s and 1700’s, best known as the enlightenment period. The enlightenment era valued rational change. This era was the beginning of modern day feminism, and the idea of women gaining basic rights emerged. A women who had a significant impact on the social issue of feminism was Mary Wollstonecraft.

Mary Wollstonecraft was born in 1759 and died in 1797. Wollstonecraft was an english writer, philosopher and advocate for women’s rights (“Mary Wollstonecraft”). She is best known for  A Vindication of the Rights of Women, which was one of the first great feminist documents. She believed that women were unable to reach their full potential due to lack of education and the gender expectations placed on women. 

The way to fix this problem, according to Wollstonecraft, was to end the limits in education, ideals of women in society, and the importance of beauty. During this time period the inequality of the genders affected every aspect of life. Wollstonecraft saw this, and acknowledged that it was holding women back. She had a high regard for education, and felt to best allow women to be educated, there needed to be gender equality within the schools. Women needed to start to be seen as something more than a wife, while also being educated. This would allow the gender walls to be broken down. In Wollstonecraft’s era, society expected women to be obedient to their husbands and care for their children. She thought that society needed to let go of these expectations and allow women to reach their full potential in life. Women would be able to be better mothers and wives if society allowed them to grow more as people. She also recognized the restraint of beauty on a female. She saw it as unjust to focus only on beauty and to neglect other aspects of a women (such as her mind and soul).

Wollstonecraft was one of the first feminists, and she had a lasting impact on the social issue. She wanted to stop the ideals of society, to allow women to strive to be the best they could be. She was ahead of her time with her ideals and values. For years before, and years ahead of her, the focus was on gaining the same rights as men. This was part of her focus as well, although she had the idea of expanding beyond this and getting the best for women.

In the early 1800’s feminism was still expanding. The 1800 's were full of varying opinions and values. There were many influential figures during this time period. A huge contributor to the 1800’s feminism is John Stewart Mills, a male feminist.

J.S Mills was born in 1806 and died in 1873. Mills was a philosopher and believed in gender equality. He was one of the first public male feminists. Mills wrote the essay Subjection of Women, which  “campaigns strongly for women’s rights, suffrage and equal access to education for women” (Deepa). In Mills’ time, women working was an unthinkable idea. He believed that if women were given the choice between working the same jobs as men or working in the home, that the women would choose the home. His ideas are not what most feminists today would agree with, because Mill’s was just fighting for  women’s well being in general. J.S Mills influenced the feminist movement the most by sparking the idea that men can also be feminists. This sets a standard that both genders are able to fight for women. It paved the path for the idea of achieving a happy life was possible for both genders.                                                                                                                                                  

The late 1800’s- early 1900’s had a development which shaped the Western world drastically. During this time period is when women gained the right to vote. This new right allowed women to have a say in the government, which ultimately shifted the control that men had.

The struggle to gain the right to vote is referred to as the suffrage movement. The term suffragette was used to describe a woman who was fighting for the movement. At the time ⅔ of men were able to vote. The men who were unable to vote were ones who did not own land or pay rent, servants who lived with their employers, and criminals (“The Women’s Suffrage Movement”). Essentially, the men who were excluded from voting were one’s who were in debt to others and/or criminals, while all women were unable to vote. The right to vote would allow women to have a say in the government, and contribute to choosing who made the decisions for them. In June 1908, the Women’s Sunday March in Hyde Park consisted of 250,000 people shouting “Votes for Women” (“The women’s Suffrage”). This event was a shift in the movement. As the suffragettes began to become more militant, the police started to fight back. The women started chaining themselves outside of the prime ministers office, though it escalated to smashing windows and rioting. Many suffragettes were arrested for causing disorder. Due to the efforts of the suffragettes, on July 28 1928, a law passed allowing women over the age of 21 to be allowed to vote (The Women’s Suffrage”). The gain of this fundamental right made women one step closer to being equal to men.

The first forms of feminism are often referred to as first wave feminism. This era of feminism focused on basic rights. Things that dominated this wave were things such as; voting rights, women’s dignity, opening opportunities for women and a focus on suffrage ( Rampton).

In 1940 and post war era, there were many influential feminists and feminist improvements. This time period was recovering from the hardships of past depressions and world wars. Two women who influenced the social issue were Betty Friedan and Simone De Beauvoir. The women had varying backgrounds, morals and opinions, but were working towards the same.

Betty Friedan was born in 1921 and died in 2006 (“ Betty Friedan”). Friedan was a women’s rights activist and journalist, who was the co-founder of The National Organization for Women. In 1963, Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique. Her book broke ground in feminism, and she thought that women were able to find fulfillment outside of the traditional female roles. The inspiration from her book came from being a tired housewife. From that feeling, she explored whether other women felt the same way. In her book she explored the ideas of redefining femininity, femininity in society and self empowerment (Amongst other themes). Her basic belief was that women needed to break free from traditional expectations and find their own way in life. Her beliefs did not reject traditional roles of motherhood and womanhood, instead she said to incorporate past beliefs into your own values. The idea of women empowering themselves was a newer concept in feminism.

Simone De Beauvoir was born in 1908 and died in 1986. She was a french writer and activist. Simone de Beauvoir had a similar idea to Friedan, both women believed that there were societal restraints placed on women. De Beauvoir is most commonly known for her book The Second Sex. In her book she discusses the idea what women as classified as ‘the second sex’, while men are the first sex. She believes that women are seen to be less than men, which is holding women back from success. De Beauvoir inspired the second wave feminism movement.

1960-1990 could be classified as second wave feminism (Rampton). This feminism broke away from fundamental rights and branched out to encompass more liberal ideas. The idea of sexuality and reproductive rights were what dominated this wave. Advances in feminism, which occurred during second wave are things such as; birth control, divorce and abortion ( Haberman, pg. 446). The focus was on ideas which would improve the way women were able to live.  

When birth control was first introduced it allowed women to take control of their bodies. They were now able to have sexual encounters, while eliminating the risk of getting pregnant. Women are able to dictate when they are ready for children. This allowed women stay in the work force for much longer.  Another impact that birth control had was on the average age of marriage. After birth control became available the average age of marriage began to rise. Pre-marital sex was now an option, due to the lowered risk of pregnancy. People were no longer waiting till marriage to have sex, therefore putting it off until a little later in life.

A controversial issue that was presented during second wave feminism was abortion. Feminists fought for safe and legalized abortion, claiming it is their reproductive right as women (Napikoski). The idea was, if it was legal it would be done in a safe manner, compared to their current situation. This fight wasn’t just about abortion, but being able to have control over their reproductive rights as women.

Today feminism has shifted over time. It started out as a search for basic rights and has now turned into a way to find the most fulfilling way possible for women. The major focus is no longer on fighting to work, a right to vote, or being able to choose for themselves. It has become a search for the most fulfilling and positive life possible. As seen throughout history the feminist movement was strong and will continue to be. In today’s society, there are many influential feminists. 

A popular actress has recently spoken out about her ideas and values of feminism. Emma Watson has opened up a new discussion about what feminism really is. Her idea is the fight is never over, but we need to stop worrying about what it’s called. Feminism has gained a negative stigma attached to the word. Many people have this preconceived idea that all modern day feminists are ‘man haters’ and want to be the superior sex, which is not the case. Watson, amongst many other modern day feminists, are trying to redefine feminism and end the negative views. They are working towards the best for women. A major focus being influencing the next generation of women and men. The modern day idea is both men and women can be feminists and work together towards gender equality. What the future holds for feminism is further social development for women as well as men. Feminism has come a long way, but still has a long way to go.

                           Emma Watson's United Nations Speech: I'm a Feminist

Works Cited

“Betty Friedan.” Biography. A&E Television Networks, 2015. Web. 22 May 2015. <http://www.biography.com/people/betty-friedan-9302633>.

Deepa, Sai. “John Stuart Mill and the Feminist Theory.” Knoj. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 June 2015. <https://european-history.knoji.com/john-stuart-mill-and-the-feminist-theory/>.

“Feminism.” Merriam-Webster. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Merriam-Webster. Web. 9 June 2015. <http://www.merriam-webster.com>.

Haberman, Arthur. The Modern Age: Ideas in Western Civilization. Toronto: Gage Educational, 1987. Print.

- - -. The West & the World. Toronto: Gage Learning, 2002. Print.

Kuiper, Kathleen. “Olympe de Gouges.” Britannica. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 June 2015. <http://www.britannica.com/biography/Olympe-de-Gouges>.

“Mary Wollstonecraft.” Biography.com. N.p., 2015. Web. 9 June 2015. <http://www.biography.com/people/mary-wollstonecraft-9535967#personal-life-and-legacy>.

Napikoski, Linda. “Abortion on Demand: A Second Wave Feminist Demand.” About Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 June 2015. <http://womenshistory.about.com/od/abortionprochoice/a/abortion-on-demand.htm>.

Palmer, Clarissa. “Olympe De Gouges.” Olympe De Gouges. N.p., 2014. Web. 4 June 2015. <http://www.olympedegouges.eu/index.php>.

Rampton, Martha. “The Three Waves of Feminism.” Pacific University Oregon. N.p., 23 Oct. 2014. Web. 10 June 2015. <http://www.pacificu.edu/about-us/news-events/three-waves-feminism>.

Swackhamer, Brittany. “Feminism 101: The Second Wave.” examiner.com. N.p., 28 Feb. 2011. Web. 10 June 2015. <http://www.examiner.com/article/feminism-101-the-second-wave>.

“The Women’s Suffrage Movement.” Tchevalier. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 June 2015. <http://www.tchevalier.com/fallingangels/bckgrnd/suffrage/>.